Lecture 2, Tue 10/03

Python Review cont.

Recorded Lecture: 10_3_23

Relational and Logical Operators

• Output of these operators result in a Boolean value
  • True , False
• Boolean values are important for control structures (while loops, if statements)
• Basically, allows you to fine-tune your program and define what / when instructions should be executed.

Example

>>> 5 == 5
True
>>> 5 != 5
False
>>> 5 < 5
False
>>> 5 <= 5
True
>>> 5 > 4
True
>>> 4 >= 5
False
>>> True or False
True
>>> not False or False
True
>>> False and True
False

Python Lists

• A dynamic collection of data (heterogeneous types) that can be indexed (index starting at 0).

Example

>>> x = []
>>> len(x)  # returns number of elements in list
>>> x.append(1)	 # adds to the end of the list
>>> x
[1]
>>> len(x)
1
>>> x = [1,2,2,3,3,3]
>>> len(x)
6
>>> x[3]  # extracts an element at an index (index starts at 0)
3
>>> x[3] = "3"  # assigns a value at a certain index
>>> x
[1, 2, 2, '3', 3, 3]

• Data types can have methods (functions that can be called on an instance of a type (or object))

>>> x = [1,1,2,2,2]
>>> x.count(2)  # counts the number of times 2 appears in the list
3
>>> x.count(3)
0
>>> x = [1,'2',3,'4']
>>> '1' in x  # Returns True if '1' is in the list, False otherwise
False
>>> 1 in x
True
>>> x.insert(2, 2.5)  # inserts 2.5 in index 2 of the list, shifts right elements over
>>> x
[1, '2', 2.5, 3, '4']
>>> x.pop()  # removes and returns last element of list
'4'
>>> x
[1, '2', 2.5, 3]
>>> x.pop(1)  # removes element at index 1
'2'
>>> x
[1, 2.5, 3]
>>> del x[1]  # Notice that there isn’t any output, but still removes element
>>> x
[1, 3]

• Python methods and functions may or may not have a return value
• A special value (None) is used to represent a non-returned value
• It may be useful to store a return value to a variable, because once a value returns and is not stored, then it’s gone!

List Slicing

• [i:j] syntax starts (includes) element at index i up to (not including) element at index j

Example

>>> x[1:4]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> x[1:7]
[2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:]
[2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:3]
[1, 2, 3]

Strings

• Strings represent a collection of characters
  • But in python, characters aren’t a data type. It’s basically a string with one value
• Strings are very similar to Lists (not exactly though…)

Example

>>> x = "CS9"
>>> type(x[2])
<class 'str'>
>>> x[2]
'9'

But…

>>> x[2] = "1"
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
    x[2] = "1"
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

• Lists in Python are MUTABLE (can change the existing list)
• Strings are IMMUTABLE (cannot change the existing string)

Some useful string methods

>>> x = x.replace("9", "1")  #returns a string,replaces the “9” with “1” in x
>>> x
'CS1'
>>> x.split("S")  # splits the string at the first occurrence of “S”
['C', '1']
>>> x.find("1")  # returns the index of the first occurrence of “1”
2

Functions

# Function definition
def double(n):
    ''' Returns 2 times the parameter ''' # Good to comment functions!
    return 2 * n

• Note: A function doesn’t have to return anything
• If a function doesn’t have a specific return value, it returns a special None type
• Another note: The function’s body’s scope is defined by tabs

Mutable vs. Immutable

• Why should we care about immutable vs mutable properties?
  • Depending on whether or not something is mutable or immutable, it affects how the data is treated when passing it in a function
• When immutable types are passed into a function, a COPY of that variable is made and used within the function
  • Once the function returns, the immutable value does not change!
• When mutable types are passed into a function, the parameter is used within the function (no copy is made)
  • Once the function returns, the mutable value does change!

Example

def changeListParameter(x):
    x[0] = "!"
    return x

a = ["C","S","9"]
print(changeListParameter(a))  # ['!', 'S', '9']
print(a)  # ['!', 'S', '9']

def changeStringParameter(x):
    x = x.replace("C", "!")
    return x

b = "CS9"
print(changeStringParameter(b))  # !S9
print(b)  # CS9 - b didn't change!

Control Structures

if statements

if BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION:
	STATEMENT(s)

• If BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION is True, execute statements. If False, skip statements
• Note that tabs define the scope of the statements as part of the if body.

if/else statements

if BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION:
	STATEMENT(s) #1
else:
	STATEMENT(s) #2

• evaluate BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION
  • if True, execute statements #1 and then continue execution after if / else blocks
  • if False, execute statements #2 and then continue execution after if / else blocks

elif statements

• Same as else if statements
• Example

x = False
if x:
    print("Shouldn't print")
elif 4 < 5:
    print("4 < 5")
else:
    print("Shouldn't print")

While Loops

while BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION:
    STATEMENT(S)

• if BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION is True, perform statements in the body of the loop
• if BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION is False, skip the body of loop entirely and continue execution
• Infinite Loop Example:

while True:
    print("Weee!!!")  # Will always execute since BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION == True

For loops

for VARIABLE in COLLECTION:
	STATEMENT(s)

• Assigns an element in the collection to the variable (starts with the 1st item COLLECTION[0])
  • Executes the STATEMENT(s)
• Assigns the next item in the collection to the variable
  • Executes the STATEMENT(s)
• … and so on…
• Continues loop execution until there are no more items in the collection
• range() is a function used for looping if we know the number of iterations we want to make
  • range(x) returns a collection of numbers from 0 up to (but not including) x
  • range(x,y) returns a collection of numbers starting at x up to (but not including) y
• Example

for x in range(4):
	print(x, "Hello!" * x)
	print("---")

Sets

• Like a mathematical set
• A collection of items with:
  • No duplicates
  • Order and position do not matter

Common set operators

s2 = set([2,4,6])		
print(s2)
print(type(s2))
print(3 in s2)
print("?" in s2)
print(5 not in s2) # True
print(len(s2))

# Combine values from two sets
s3 = set([4,5,6])
combined_set = s2 | s3
print(combined_set)

# Get the common elements from two sets
intersecting_set = s2 & s3
print(intersecting_set)